GRAVITY: THE UNENDING JOURNEY OF AN APPLE

GRAVITY: THE UNENDING JOURNEY OF AN APPLE

Spiral Galaxy-Courtesy STSCI Cluster of Stars- courtesy STSCI

This article describes:

The Theory of Gravity, Gurutvacons (Gravitons?), Protons, Electrons, Neutrons, Atoms, Mass, Charge, Energy and Energy Levels, Rotation(Spin), Orbits and Orbital Planes, Motions, Time, The Solar System, The Stars, The Galaxies, Light, Photons, The Spectrum of Light, Dark Matter, Soul and many Features of the Force of Gravity.

We all have experienced the force of gravity and read many articles about it. The concept of gravity was known to mankind a long time ago, even to many ancient civilizations. We respect and salute to all of them for their contributions to understand the universe around them. We have benefited from their contributions a lot. The question is: “Do we really understand what gravity is?” At present, the gravity is known as a force of attraction. Let us begin our story from Newton who really introduced the concept of gravity quantitatively as a force of attraction between two bodies with mass. As a story goes, he was sitting under the apple tree one day and an apple fell on him. He asked the question: why did the apple fall? The earth has a force that attracted that apple. Then he formulated his famous theory we call Newton’s Laws of Gravity. The apple’s journey (and the definition of gravity) began from there and still continuing. The question still remains: ‘Is gravity a force of attraction?’

Albert Einstein explained the gravity differently. According to his Theory of Relativity, the gravity is because of spatial distortion in space-time fabric. The space is curved by mass and the body follows the curvature. He also formulated the force of gravity. The question still remains: ’Is gravity due to spatial distortion?’ If not, then what is gravity? Do we really understand the gravity?

According to present thinking, we still do not understand this mysterious force. What is it? We have down graded it as the weakest force in the universe. Is it really the weakest force? Before we define the gravity quantitatively and qualitatively, let us first try to understand many outstanding features of gravity one by one. What are they?

The gravity is NOT a force of attraction. It is NOT due to spatial distortion. Then what is it?

GRAVITY AND THE CARRIERS OF GRAVITY

Let us go back in time, way back in time, almost moments after the Big Bang event. We will describe about Big Bang -where did it occur, why, when, how- in our next paper. Here we are concerned only with what happened after the Big Bang? There was pure energy everywhere, but no light. From that energy came into existence the smallest energetic particles; we will call them ‘GURUTVACONS’. These are the most basic, fundamental particles. They absorbed all the energy produced by the Big Bang. But what are they? Everything is made of Gurutvacons including you and me. Let us try to understand them as they are the carriers of the force called Gravity. We do not want to use the word “Gravitons” to avoid confusion. Gravitons are defined differently by the scientists.

GURUTVACONS TRAVEL IN A STRAIGHT LINE WITH UNIFORM VELOCITY AS POINT PARTICLES. THEY MAINTAIN THEIR SPEED IN ANY MEDIUMS. THEY ARE THE FASTEST PARTICLES IN THE UNIVERSE. AFTER COMING INTO EXISTENCE FROM PURE ENERGY, THEY TRAVELLED AND EXPANDED THE UNIVERSE ALMOST TO THE CONSIDERABLE PART OF THE PRESENT DIMENSION OF THE UNIVERSE. WE CALL THAT ERA INFLATIONARY PERIOD.

Now we know that Gurutvacons are the carrier of the force called Gravity. Gravity is not a force of attraction. It is not due to special distortion. Gravity is a gathering, shepherding, binding, bundling force and always acting, continuously pressing with a spiralling inward pull. Bigger body have more Gurutvacons who resonate to make bigger and bigger spiralling strands of Gurutvacons with inward pull. These resonated spiral arms almost extend to the infinity. At very small, micro distance in the nucleus, these spiralling strands of Gurutvacons exert the greatest force of gravity. As we move away from the nucleus, this force of gravity starts decreasing considerably. It’s not zero outside the nucleus. As the distance between resonated spiral arms increases, the force of gravity becomes weaker and weaker. Outside of atoms, it is very weak, but still strong enough to bind atoms.

FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES: PROTONS AND ELECTRONS

There is more to Gurutvacons. They are point particles, but individually they appeared to be spiralling inwards like concentric compression spring, every strand continuously pressing inwards and always acting. The closest example of this is like a python squeezing its prey (the difference is in the shape-python’s helical spring shape). They rush to each other and start spiralling inwards on top of each other continuously pressing inwards and coming out from axis. They are always acting like this-in and out. This swarming of Gurutvacons gives rise to formation of another fundamental particle- we call it a Proton. Protons are made of Gurutvacons - refreshing them every moment-spiralling (logarithmic spiral) inwards from outside and coming out from axis (top or bottom), always pressing inwards. How many Gurutvacons are required to make one proton? That we will answer in our next paper.

PROTON ELECTRON

There is another way SWARMING Gurutvacons can join together- they enter in the centre, spiralling outwards but still pressing, squeezing inwards continuously and always acting. This give rise to a new particle-we call it an ELECTRON. They do not revolve around the nucleus.

MASS:

There is very interesting thing happening now. The swarming, rushing Gurutvacons on each other give rise to another fundamental property of matter- we call it MASS. Gurutvacons are almost mass less, but they have lots of energy. So mass is the energy of swarming, rushing, accelerating Gurutvacons towards the centre of the body. Mass of the body is due to its own gravity pressing inwards or due to the swarming, accelerating Gurutvacons bundling up that body.

CHARGE:

Still there is more. When Gurutvacons strands slide on each other when they CONTINUOUSLY press inwards give birth to another quantity - we call it CHARGE. The charge on protons is the direct result of pressing, squeezing, sliding, bundling strands of Gurutvacons. It resides on the spherical surface of a proton.

Again the sliding strands of Gurutvacons MAKING the electron give rise to a new quantity-we call it CHARGE. This charge is of opposite nature to that of a proton. This charge resides on the spherical surface of an electron. When the electron is in an atom, this charge clouds a nucleus and the electron appears as a cloud to us.

The way Gurutvacons enter and come out of after making protons and electrons give answers to questions like why like charges repel each other and unlike charges attract each other.

SPIN:

As they exert pressure and bind together to make particles they give rise to another feature- the SPIN (Rotation) of the particles.

There is more to gravity. The spiralling inward strands exert tremendous pressure towards the centre. This give rise to another feature- we call it ‘Spin’ of an object. It is the gravity that creates the spin in every thing that is made from Gurutvacons. Every things spin due to the spiralling, gathering inward gravitational force exerted by Gurutvacons. The gravity of the Sun is attempting to bind the Earth, but the Earth resist. Since the Earth’s interior is molten, this resistance helps maintain the spin. Similarly the Earth and the Sun exert gravitational force on the Moon which interior may be not as molten as that of Earth. The Moon resists these forces. The Moon could not maintain its original spin velocity and that is why its spin is locked with the Earth and it keeps the same face towards the Earth. This has reduced the spin velocity of the Earth so much that the Earth can not maintain its spin axis vertical to the plane of the solar system. The Earth is wobbling like a top. Its axis is at an angle of 23 degrees. This gives seasons on the planet earth.

NEUTRONS:

Gurutvacons always act to bind, to gather, to squeeze everything in the universe. After making protons and electrons, Gurutvacons attempt to bind them as they spiral inwards with great pull. When they succeed (sometimes), we see another particle- we call it a Neutron. The charges are now gone. So neutrons are neutral. The protons and electrons inside the neutrons still maintain their original structures the way they were made by spiralling Gurutvacons. It is easier for them to keep protons and electrons together in neutrons. So neutrons are composite particles, not stable and are not fundamental particles.

ATOMS:

But in an atom, we see electrons away from the nucleus containing protons and neutrons. How come? There is a reason for this. Gurutvacons do not succeed all the time bringing protons and electrons together. We have to go back to the process of formations- how those particles are made by Gurutvacons. Protons are made by Gurutvacons spiralling inwards from outside and coming out from axis. Electrons are made by Gurutvacons entering into axis and spiralling outwards. Both ways they always press inwards. As Gurutvacons leave protons from axis, they push through axis of electrons. When this force of impact is balanced by inward gathering force of Gurutvacons, the electrons are trapped between those strands of Gurutvacons. When this happens, we have an Atom. The atom of the most abundant element in the universe-Hydrogen- has one proton and one electron. Other elements are also made this way.

ENERGY LEVELS:

Many interesting things are happening now around the atom as strands of Gurutvacons spiralling inwards with great force to gather, bind electrons and protons. Each spiralling strand (band) of Gurutvacons is exerting unique inward force (energy). This give rise to what we call Energy Levels around the nucleus. The strand (band) where the first electron is trapped is known as first energy level. It can have only two electrons as Gurutvacons can only come out from two points on axis of protons-north & south to keep electrons from merging with them. Other electrons at any other points will be forced to bind to protons to make neutrons.

LIGHT: PHOTONS

These spiralling inwards strands (bands) of Gurutvacons are much more than what we have described so far. They are not just energy levels. We know that when electrons change energy levels and loose energy, that energy is released as Photon (the light). The Photon is a particle made of Gurutvacons; it is a packet (quanta) of energy. An electron is trapped in a grove between two strands (bands) of Gurutvacons-upper band pushing it towards the nucleus and the Gurutvacons coming out of a proton hitting it to move upwards. This vibrates the electron and gives it a wave like feature(the electron’s natural frequency). When the electron gets exited due to external energy, it goes up one energy level. But Bands of Gurutvacons pushes it to the original energy level. It releases energy as a photon. So photons are produced in steps. They acquire wave like feature from the electron. So what is light? Is it a particle or wave? According to present theory, it is both. But what is the truth? Light is a particle only, not a wave. So why dose it behave like a wave? When a photon encounters energy level made by Gurutvacons around the atom, it stops, merges with Gurutvacons in the strand and reappear as a photon after crossing that strand. A photon doses this at every energy level it encounters. This enhances photons’ wave like features. So Light is made of only particles called photons (the packets of energy). Electrons are also particles. The wave like feature is given to them by spiralling strands (bands) of Gurutvacons. Something more interesting thing is happening here. When photons(produced from an electron at particular energy level with natural frequency) crosses these spiralling strands of Gurutvacons the way we described above, photons carry signatory information of crossing these strands. This signatory information helps us to identify different elements in the universe- by Light Spectrum of Elements.

Photons travel very fast at 300,000 KM/S. Do they get tired after travelling vast distances in the universe? They are energetic particles. They maintain their speed in space constant. Why? Gurutvacons (as point particles) are always travelling through space at tremendous speed. Photons are made of Gurutvacons. Gurutvacons keep on rejuvenating photons all the time. So photons keep their energy constant and there by their speed. But something must change over vast distances as photons are particles. In the space photons do not have to cross energy levels the way they did within the atoms. Even though their energy remains the same, their wavelength is becoming longer after travelling vast distances (Photons are travelling through the flux of Gurutvacons in the space.) and so their frequency is also changing. This is the main reason (not the only reason) for the red shift of light coming from the very far away galaxies. Every galaxy has dust lanes and halo of hot gas particles around the central bulge. Photons have more chances of passing through dust lanes and halo of its home galaxy as this galaxy’s distance increases. What effect dose it have on red shift? Do we see the light of individual star of that far away galaxy or the light (of all the stars) of that galaxy as a point? We will discuss in next paper.

Photons speed decrease when they pass through a glass. After they come out of a glass, they travel again in the space at their original speed. Why? Again Gurutvacons helps them to spring back to their original speed.

THE GRAVITY AND ATOMS:

Indeed the gravity is due to Gurutvacons. Each spiralling strand exerts equal force per atom. This is the reason why all bodies of different mass fall at the same acceleration on earth. The gravity is spiralling inwards, binding force and it is always acting. It is gravity that keeps the electrons, protons and neutrons, and atoms together. We have known these forces as Strong and Weak forces. We also called them nuclear forces. But in fact, it is the force of gravity that binds everything in the universe. It is really the strongest force in the universe. It should be. After all the birth and death of the universe is caused by only one force- that is Almighty Gravity.

Gurutvacons have given us the force of gravity, the electric charges and all the elements in the universe. The range of gravity is infinite. It is the strongest at shortest distance in the nucleus. As we move away from the nucleus, this force decreases as the distance between spiralling arms of Gurutvacons increases. It is the Gurutvacons (gravity) that keeps the nucleus together, atoms together and molecules together. Gravity is the strongest at nucleus; it is still stronger outside of atoms. It is strong enough to keep them together. It is strong enough to keep molecules together. It becomes weaker and weaker as we move away from nucleus, atom and molecule. There is only one force that keeps every thing bound together and that is the force of gravity. There is no Strong or Weak forces. These can be explained by spiralling inward strands of wrapping, bundling Gurutvacons.

The gravitational field is always present around the mass of a body and the force it exerts on another body is completely independent of the mass of the second body. The second body can only resist the gravitational force of the first body. The second body can exert its own gravitational force on the first body. But its strength is only due to its own total mass. The gravity begins from the centre of a nucleus and travel outwards becoming weaker and weaker.

Now we have a question. What is about Newton’s Law of Gravity between two bodies with mass? Is that the only real picture of gravity? Newton’s law of gravity deals with part of the gravity only-not the true, whole nature of gravity. Newton dealt with the part of the gravity we will call it ‘Residual Gravity’. He only dealt with the force of gravity acting outside of atoms and molecules-which is very weak. He called it a force of attraction. Gravity is not a force of attraction; it’s an ever acting, binding, squeezing, bundling force. His was not the complete picture of gravity. The force of gravity is defined and carried by Gurutvacons only. Even mass is made by them. We will attempt to define the force of gravity qualitatively and quantitatively in our next paper.

Is gravity a spatial distortion as defined by Albert Einstein? No, it is not. Again ‘mass’ is produced by Gurutvacons which exert ever binding force called gravity that keeps every thing together in the universe. Space is not distorted by Gurutvacons as it is made of Gurutvacons (they just passing through it, so no ‘mass’) which in turn give rise to ‘mass’ when they swarm on each other. ‘Mass’ is energy. The Space is not curved by the mass.

HAVENLY BODIES AND MOTION:

Is speed of light absolute? Light is made of particles called photons. Photons in turn are made of Gurutvacons. Photons have nearly zero mass (dead weight). The speed of Gurutvacons is faster than that of light. We will attempt to show this in next paper. Can photons travel in a straight line with uniform velocity? Before we answer this question, let us go to Newton’s first law of motion. According to this law, if we apply a force on a body, it starts moving in the direction of the force on a straight line with uniform velocity. This is not correct. The body has mass. The centre of gravity is the point at which forces acting on a body are balanced. For a stationary body (body at rest), this point will coincide with the centre of mass. When a force is applied, the energy is converted into mass on the body and is not uniformly distributed. The centre of gravity is shifted away from the centre of mass in a direction perpendicular to the direction of force. How far away it shifts is dependant upon the mass of the body, its initial velocity and the force applied. The centre of gravity moves away from the centre of mass to the point around where the apparent mass equivalent to the force applied on the body and the mass of the body rotates until the centre of combined mass of the body coincides with the centre of gravity. As the body starts moving, it is not on a straight line. It follows the curved path as long as the centre of combined mass dose not coincides with the centre of gravity. As it follows the curved path (revolving around the centre of gravity) it is going closer and closer to the centre of gravity, and its speed increases as it accelerates faster and faster. When those two points are on each other, the remaining energy in the body at those points is converted into spinning. All objects with mass follow this rule. This is what is happening in the universe. Once accelerated, bodies with mass keep on moving at ever increasing speed from each other on a curved path. The Space is not curved; it is the Motion that is curved.

So then what can follow the straight line with uniform velocity? Only the bodies with nearly zero or zero mass can travel on the straight line with uniform velocity. When a force is applied on a body with nearly zero mass, its centre of gravity moves very far away (at almost infinity) and the body starts moving on a straight line with uniform velocity-for example, photons (light). Photons are made of Gurutvacons, must have some mass. Over vast distances its speed must change to some extant. The speed of light is different in different mediums and it changes in a medium too. Space is a medium made of Gurutvacons. The speed of Gurutvacons is constant in all the mediums and always follows true straight line. No matter how far we see or how far back in time we see, the gravity is at work. It is every where in the universe.

ENERGY:

Heat is released when outer strands of Gurutvacons are broken by friction. This is what happens when two bodies are rubbed against each other. When two atoms are fused together to make a new element, sometimes the new element require less number of Gurutvacons than total of two bodies. In this process (Nuclear Fusion) the released Gurutvacons appear as energy. When one atom is split to make two new elements, sometimes less number of Gurutvacons are required than the total of original element. In this process (Nuclear Fission) those Gurutvacons are released as energy. How dose the interior of planet Earth remain hot? Some of the heat is left over from the formation process and some is due to broken strands of Gurutvacons due to tremendous inward pressure from the outer strands of Gurutvacons. This process is still going on. After all it is due to the force of gravity. More we peel off (separating) the Gurutvacons from atoms (protons, neutrons, electrons) more energy is released.

FORMATION OF STARS:

How dose the star is born due to the force of gravity? Gravity is caused by Gurutvacons. Gravity is a gathering, binding, squeezing inward force exerted by spiralling inward Gurutvacons. They start gathering atoms of hydrogen together. The cloud of hydrogen gas is getting bigger and bigger. The strands of Gurutvacons are pressing harder and harder as the cloud getting bigger and bigger. The pressure increases so much in the core that strands of Gurutvacons start breaking first and releasing energy as heat. Heat builds up. Heat and pressure keep on increasing so much that eventually all strands of Gurutvacons binding atoms are broken, all strands binding electrons, protons and neutrons are broken(Gurutvacons are released). Tremendous amount of energy is released. In the core even electrons, protons and neutrons are squeezed so much by gravitational pressure from outer layers that strands of Gurutvacons making up those particles are separating into individual Gurutvacons. That produces energy to the extreme. And the star is borne. There are no photons in the centre of the star, no fundamental particles, only Gurutvacons. We will call this region ‘Black Sphere’ to avoid confusion with concept of ‘Black Hole’. This produces tremendous outward pressure in the core. The star is stable when this outward pressure is balanced by inward pull by resonated strands of Gurutvacons in outer layers. The very central region where strands of Gurutvacons are separated is dark and very similar to the state of Gurutvacons after the Big Bang. These separated Gurutvacons move outward with tremendous pressure and velocity. Away from the very centre, they combine with other atoms to form different kind of atoms under tremendous pressure and heat. Many heavier elements are created here. There becomes a layer of these elements between top of core layer and outermost layer. This is common in most of the stars. The friction, fusion and complete breakdown of fundamental particles into individual Gurutvacons produce heat. . When all the hydrogen in the core is burnt, the core becomes almost empty. No heat, no outward pressure, the outer layer collapses towards the centre and the process of heat generation repeats depending on the gravitational force due to remaining mass. The life cycle of stars will be described in the next paper.

ORBITS AND ORBITAL PLANES:

The resonated spiralling strands of Gurutvacons exerting gravitational force extend a great distance from the massive body in the space. When a body of smaller mass comes under pressure of gravity from a body of greater mass, the gravity starts binding, shepherding the smaller body towards the bigger body. The smaller body continues falling closer and closer towards the bigger body. If the total energy of a smaller body is more than the binding force of gravity of bigger body, the smaller body will escape and will not be bound by its gravity. If not, the smaller body will be captured by the bigger body. Now we know that gravity is binding, shepherding, squeezing gathering force. So the force of gravity will continue to bring the smaller body closer and closer towards the bigger body until it crashes into it eventually. Once it is captured, the captured body has no other option than to completely bind with the bigger body. This is a very important feature of the gravity. It appears very strange, but it’s true for a stationary bigger body. No matter how much kinetic energy the captured body has, it must crash into it. The closest example of this feature of gravity is when we see smaller objects falling on the Earth with uniform acceleration.

For these falling objects, the Earth is stationary. Once a smaller body comes under the grip of Earth’s gravity, it must fall onto the Earth. Then why do we have orbits? Look at the Solar System. The planets are revolving around the Sun. Why? Why are they not crashing into the Sun? There is a reason for that. The motion of the Sun in the plane of the Milky Way galaxy is the main reason that keeps the planets in orbit around the Sun. The planet’s kinetic energy also helps. The resonated spiralling strands of gravity of the Sun is always working to bind, to shepherd, to gather all planets to the Sun with tremendous inward pull pressure. The planets obey this force and continue falling towards the Sun. But fortunately for us, they always miss the target-the Sun (which is travelling at high speed) and we have stable orbit when the kinetic energy of the planet, the force due to Sun’s motion in the galaxy and the gravity of the Sun are balanced. If the Sun was not in motion and always at one point (stationary), we wouldn’t have solar system. This binding force of gravity could have consumed all the planets long ago.

Is the force required to keep the planets in orbit around the Sun? The Sun travels at high speed in the disk of the galaxy. The Sun must drag all the planets with it. We can compare this to an event: A man running on a bumpy (up & down, zigzag across) curved path with his one hand at the height of his head and twirling a stone in a plane of the direction of his motion. Is the work done by the Sun? Is the energy spent? Where dose it coming from? We will discuss this in next paper-“How Gurutvacons are doing this? ”.

SOLAR SYSTEM:

We continue to investigate the force of gravity in the solar system. The solar system is almost flat-all the planets are revolving around the Sun in one flat, orbital plane. Why? The binding, gathering, shepherding force of gravity is acting in all directions from the radiating body towards its centre. This force is not just in one flat plane. Well we have to think about the motion of the Sun again. The Sun is always moving in the galactic plane. Even though the binding, gathering force of gravity radiates in all direction from the Sun, the planets are dragged and pulled by the string of gravitational force of the Sun and the force due to the Sun’s motion continuously. Slowly and surely the planets follow the Sun in its plane of motion and we have now flat solar system. We can compare this to a stone attached at end of the string and pulling (twirling) it faster around to keep it revolving! The orbits of planets around the sun are not just because of the balance between kinetic energy of the planet and gravity. We also need the force due to the Sun’s motion in the galaxy. The perihelion and aphelion are points on the orbit. When a planet falls towards the perihelion, it is falling in the direction of the motion of the Sun. The planet starts moving faster under the influence of the Sun’s gravity and the Sun’s motion (due to gravity of the galaxy). It is this force that changes the velocity of the planet when it moves towards perihelion. According to Newton’s laws of motion, an external force is required to change the velocity. This force did not come from the kinetic energy of the planet or from the gravity of the Sun. The planet is closer to the Sun at perihelion because the planet moves in the direction of the motion of the Sun. When the planet moves towards the aphelion from perihelion, it is travelling in the opposite direction of the motion of the Sun. This force (due to gravity of galaxy) acts on the planet to slow it down (again it’s not coming from the kinetic energy of the planet.). As it moves in the opposite direction, the planet is farther at aphelion. The Sun is moving in the plane of galaxy in the direction of the arrow from aphelion to perihelion approximately. This is what causes the elliptical orbit of the planet.

The Sun is embedded in the spiral arm of the galaxy. As the spiral arm spins around the centre of galaxy, the Sun revolves around the centre of the Galaxy. It mostly travels up and down and towards the centre of the galaxy in the disk of the galaxy. These motions of the Sun cause the elliptical orbit and precessions of planets in the solar system.

FORMATION OF SOLAR SYSTEM:

For the above described reasons, the solar system is almost flat. It’s not flat because it’s made from the flat revolving disk of gas and dirt. This was not the case. The Sun is a star and was borne in a process we discussed earlier about a star birth. The Sun had a companion smaller star. Each was revolving around each other. The Sun was falling towards the centre of the Milky Way galaxy under the influence of its gravity. That time a very big, newly captured (by the galaxy) star passed through nearby. The companion star was passing in between the Sun and the big star. The massive force of gravity of passing big star pulled on one side and the Sun pulled on the other side. At a proper distance, big chunks of companion star pulled apart from it. These chunks continue revolving around the Sun as before. Most of the chunks were pulled this way. Some were pulled at such a distance and position in the orbit that they start revolving in opposite direction. Some of it was absorbed by the Sun and some by the bigger star. This is how planets came into existence. There were some smaller parts that became asteroids. When the planets were borne, they were very, very hot as they came from the active star. Gravity made them round in that very hot phase. Then they started cooling down slowly. Some of the asteroids at the fringe of the solar system came from that companion star. Some were captured by the Sun’s gravity from the disk of the galaxy. When a new body is captured by the Sun’s gravity from the disk of the galaxy, it may start falling towards the Sun at high speed. Most of the comets in the solar system are bodies captured by the Sun from the disk of the galaxy. When the Earth was borne, there was no water on the Earth. These comets brought the water on the Earth and possibly the life itself. The tail of comets always points in the direction away from the Sun because of radiation pressure, the centrifugal force, weaker gravity of the comet and very strong gravity of the Sun.

FORMATION OF GALAXY:

There is another feature of gravity we have to look at to understand the force of gravity. How dose a galaxy form? Gurutvacons made protons, electrons and neutrons. These fundamental particles joined together under gravity to form elements. The most abundant element came into existence is hydrogen. There were lots of hydrogen atoms. Gravity was still at work acting continuously and gathering, shepherding, binding the atoms of hydrogen into a cloud. The cloud of hydrogen grew bigger and bigger as gravity was binding more and more atoms. The cloud got so big that eventually a star is borne under the tremendous pressure of gravity. There came into existence billions of stars in the universe. The gravity of a big star started binding a small star. Both stars started revolving around the centre point of gravity and a binary system is borne. There is no central big mass at that centre point of gravity. But both stars revolve around that point. This binary system is the seedling of the galaxy. More and more stars keep on travelling towards the binary stars under the influence of gravity. This is how the galaxies were formed. Then why the galaxies are flat? The reasons are the same as those of a flat solar system we discussed earlier. The centre of gravity of combined mass of all the stars in the galaxy is moving under the influence of gravity of local group of galaxies.

Spiral Galaxy-CURTESY STSCI Saturn with flat disk: Gravity at work CURTESY STSCI

There are differences between the solar system and the galaxy. Both are formed differently. The speed and orbit of planets around the Sun are different from the speed and orbit of stars around the centre of gravity of a galaxy. Stars (not in the central bulge) in a galaxy fall freely towards the centre of gravity under the force of gravity of combined mass of all the stars. There is no central mass at this point the way we see in a solar system. There is no central mass at the centre of gravity in a binary system either. The centre of gravity works as if it has all the combined mass of all the stars in a galaxy. As all stars fall freely, they all fall at the same speed towards the centre. So except stars near and in the central bulge, all stars move as if they are embedded in the disk of a galaxy. This is why the disk of a galaxy appears to be revolving around the centre of gravity as a solid body. The stars far away and near the centre(mostly in the spiral arm, not in the central bulge) are all moving at such a speed that they remain in the same spiral arm. Why do we see spiral arms in a galaxy then? As stars freely fall and the centre of gravity moves, stars misses the target- the very centre of the galaxy which has moved. Because of this we see a curve near the central region in the spiral arm. As stars fall, the local gravity also works. Bigger stars gather smaller stars nearer. As this process continues, the spiral arms develop. So there are two reasons that make the spiral arms- free falls of stars towards the centre of gravity of the galaxy and the local gravity that slowly builds up. This is how the spiral arms of a galaxy form. When all the stars slowly fell in the central region, we have the cluster of stars. The cluster of stars is also formed when a bigger galaxy eats the smaller galaxy. In the central bulge of the galaxy, stars revolve at very high speed as they are very near to the centre of gravity where total mass of all the stars in the disk of the galaxy act. Some galaxies have bar at the centre. When stars are not distributed uniformly in the disk of a galaxy, the centre of gravity of combined mass of all the stars is not at one point all the time. It traces a path of no gravity region. Some particles and stars are trapped in that region and they appear as a bar. First stars formed from the clouds of gas in the early universe, then binary system and from that onwards galaxies formed. Afterwards stars can be formed in the disk of galaxies. This is all happened due the force of gravity. What could be at the centre of a galaxy? What happens if stars fall in at the centre? Is there a black hole at the centre of a galaxy? Scientists have confirmed the existence of black holes. But we will discuss them in the next paper.

Gravity & Solar Eclipse:

In India, the people in village used to keep water in flat dish to watch eclipse and keep standing two cylindrical mortars close to near each other in that dish. It has been observed for centuries: “Those two mortars struck each other during total eclipse period and stayed standing.” During total solar eclipse, the gravitational forces of the Moon and the Earth are balanced on those mortars. The spiralling bands (counter clock wise) of the Gurutvacons of the Earth try to bind them to it and at the same time, those of the Moon try to bind them to it. But both are balanced during that brief period of total solar eclipse. This effect is almost very similar to Allais Effect known to scientists.

TIME:

What is time? Dose time exist? Is it real? Dose it change according to the force of gravity? Is there a space-time fabric in the universe?Is it relative to the reference frame? Can it be reversed? There are many questions about time. Is it eternal? Dose it have beginning and ending? Dose it depend on the speed of a reference frame? Time is the measure of a change in the state of an object, location of an object or event in its reference frame. The changes in one reference frame are happening totally independent of changes in another reference frame. Even changes in different bodies or events in the same reference frame occur totally independent of each other.

We do not ask questions like these: Is weight (pounds or kilograms) real? Is temperature (Celsius or Fahrenheit) real? The weight and temperature are real as they measure real or physical objects. The time is also real, because it measures the changes in real objects, its location or events. The changes exist and so dose the time. We measure one change with ‘time’ yard stick of another change. The change occurs due to the change in energy ultimately. The energy comes from the Gurutvacons which moves in one direction (counter clockwise) on a logarithmic spiral in an atom. So time flows in forward direction only. Time can not travel backwards because changes can not be reversed. There is past, present and future recorded; i.e. dinosaurs’ fossils are recorded in the past; the development of a living thing is recorded in the future (from birth to death). But we still have ‘free will’ to live. It is true that every thing is not destined.

Ticking of a clock (no matter what kind of a clock) is not called “Time”. At equator, the Earth is spinning at 0.44 KM/S, the Earth is revolving around the Sun at 30.00 KM/S, and the Sun is travelling in the disk of the Milky Way galaxy at 230 KM/S. Is the speed of an aeroplane(with a clock inside) travelling around the planet Earth is comparable to these speeds? Will there be a time dilation? We will answer all questions about time in the next paper.

Is Time a fourth dimension? The answer is “No”. Time can not be reversed. Time is only a measure of change. The Change is constantly occurring at any point on x, y and z coordinate system of three dimensions. Any point any where on any axis is always moving (changes) forward away from the beginning. This point will never ever go back to the original starting location. The time (change) flows in all direction on from the origin (0t, 0t, 0t) i.e. (x at t), (y at t) and (z at t). Any point or event in the universe can be represented on this coordinate system. A child’s development can be drawn on this coordinate system from birth to death. Changes are occurring in dimension on x, y and z axis, but those points are always moving forward and so the three dimensional image of the child is also moving forward. Any of those points can not go back to previous location. To simplify the example, we are only considering the speed of the Earth on its axis. The Earth moves around the Sun, the Sun moves around the Milky Way galaxy and the Milky Way moves in the universe. There is no fixed point in the universe. We can only describe a point on the Earth as x, y, z at time-xyz. This point always moves forward. It will never go back in time or space. There is no back time travel and in true sense, there is also no back space travel. When we say- “we travelled back in space.”, it is nothing but a misnomer. Nothing in the universe can go back in time or space. Every point in the universe is constantly changing in forward direction all the time. It will never be the same.

DARK MATTER:

What is Dark Matter? Dose it exist in the universe? We may have to look at the Gurutvacons again for explanation. They are restless

and energetic particles which are always moving fast. They carry lots of energy. When trillions and trillions of them from bigger body strike the smaller body (which may have less), their cumulative energy can push them apart (we may call it ‘radiation pressure’). The space is not expanding. It is the Gurutvacons that keep all kinds of motion going in the universe. They expanded the universe after the Big Bang, and they are still expanding it today by pushing the matter apart. Bubbles in the universe are getting bigger due to energy of the Gurutvacons.Comets tail is an example of the Gurutvacons pushing the matter away from the Sun. What a dual purpose job!

SOUL:

What is Soul? Every living thing has the Soul. Without Soul, life can not exist. The Soul is a cosmic energy. Every thing in the universe is made of Gurutvacons. Gurutvacons are every where in the universe. They are the fastest energetic particles. They go through every thing. They give birth to the universe and they destroy it. Because of them the universe is working. They can do anything. Are Gurutvacons (gravity) the God particles? Can they lead us to the God? Is Soul really made of Gurutvacons? We will attempt to answer these questions in next paper.