GRAVITY: THE
UNENDING JOURNEY OF AN APPLE

Spiral Galaxy-Courtesy STSCI Cluster of Stars- courtesy STSCI
This article
describes:
The Theory of Gravity, Gurutvacons (Gravitons?), Protons,
Electrons, Neutrons, Atoms, Mass, Charge,
Energy and Energy Levels, Rotation(Spin), Orbits and Orbital Planes,
Motions, Time, The
Solar System, The Stars, The
Galaxies, Light, Photons, The Spectrum of Light, Dark
Matter, Soul and many Features of the
Force of Gravity.
We all have
experienced the force of gravity and read many articles about it. The concept
of gravity was known to mankind a long time ago, even to many ancient
civilizations. We respect and salute to
all of them for their contributions to understand the universe around them. We
have benefited from their contributions a lot.
The question is: “Do we really understand what gravity is?” At present,
the gravity is known as a force of attraction. Let us begin our story from
Albert
Einstein explained the gravity differently.
According to his Theory of Relativity, the gravity is because of spatial distortion in space-time fabric. The
space is curved by mass and the body follows the curvature. He also formulated
the force of gravity. The question still remains: ’Is gravity due to spatial
distortion?’ If not, then what is gravity? Do we really understand the gravity?
According
to present thinking, we still do not understand this mysterious force. What is
it? We have down graded it as the
weakest force in the universe. Is it really the weakest force? Before we define
the gravity quantitatively and qualitatively, let us first try to understand
many outstanding features of gravity one by one. What are they?
The
gravity is NOT a force of attraction. It is NOT due to spatial
distortion. Then what is it?
GRAVITY AND THE CARRIERS OF
GRAVITY
Let us go
back in time, way back in time, almost moments after the Big Bang event. We
will describe about Big Bang -where did it occur, why, when, how- in our next
paper. Here we are concerned only with what happened after the Big Bang? There
was pure energy everywhere, but no light. From that energy came into existence
the smallest energetic particles; we will call them ‘GURUTVACONS’. These are the most basic, fundamental particles. They absorbed all the
energy produced by the Big Bang. But what are they? Everything is made of
Gurutvacons including you and me. Let us try to understand them as they are the carriers
of the force called Gravity. We do not want to use the word “Gravitons” to avoid
confusion. Gravitons are defined differently by the scientists.
GURUTVACONS
TRAVEL IN A STRAIGHT LINE WITH UNIFORM VELOCITY AS POINT PARTICLES. THEY CARRY
KINETIC & BINDING ENERGY. THEY MAINTAIN THEIR SPEED IN ANY MEDIUMS. THEY
ARE THE FASTEST PARTICLES IN THE UNIVERSE. AFTER COMING INTO EXISTENCE FROM
PURE ENERGY, THEY TRAVELLED AND EXPANDED THE UNIVERSE ALMOST TO THE
CONSIDERABLE PART OF THE PRESENT DIMENSION OF THE UNIVERSE. WE CALL THAT ERA
INFLATIONARY PERIOD.
Now we know
that Gurutvacons
are the carrier of the force called Gravity. Gravity is not a force of attraction. It is
not due to special distortion. Gravity is a gathering, shepherding, binding,
bundling force and always acting, continuously pressing with a spiralling
inward pull. Bigger body have more Gurutvacons who resonate to make bigger and
bigger spiralling strands of Gurutvacons with inward pull. These resonated
spiral arms almost extend to the infinity.
At very small, micro distance in the nucleus, these spiralling strands
of Gurutvacons exert the greatest force of gravity. As we move away from the
nucleus, this force of gravity starts decreasing considerably. It’s not zero
outside the nucleus. As the distance between resonated spiral arms increases,
the force of gravity becomes weaker and weaker.
Outside of atoms, it is very weak, but still strong enough to bind atoms
and molecules. Gravitational force or energy increases as an object goes from a point
on the surface of the massive body to the point in its core (the centre).
Gravity (force/energy) is not the largest at the surface of the body. It is
this gravitational (binding) energy that fuses the hydrogen atoms in the core
of stars. It is this
energy that keeps the enormous pressure at the bottom of the ocean on the
planet Earth. This energy dose depends upon mass (density) of bodies &
distance from the centre of bodies.
FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES: PROTONS AND ELECTRONS
There is
more to Gurutvacons. They are point particles, but individually they appeared
to be spiralling inwards like concentric compression spring, every strand
continuously pressing inwards and always acting. The closest example of this is
like a python squeezing its prey (the difference is in the shape-python’s
helical spring shape). They rush to each
other and start spiralling inwards on top of each other continuously pressing
inwards and coming out from axis. They are always acting like this-in and out.
This swarming of Gurutvacons gives rise to formation of another fundamental
particle- we call it a Proton. Protons are
made of Gurutvacons - refreshing them every moment-spiralling (logarithmic
spiral) inwards from outside and coming out from axis (top or bottom), always
pressing inwards. How many Gurutvacons are required to make one proton? That we
will answer in our next paper.

PROTON ELECTRON
STRUCTURES OF
PARTICLES (NOT TO SCALE)
There is
another way SWARMING Gurutvacons (after coming out of protons) can join
together- they enter in the centre, spiralling outwards but still pressing,
squeezing inwards continuously and always acting. This give rise to a new
particle-we call it an ELECTRON. They do not revolve around the nucleus, only
oscillating up & down by the impact of Gurutvacons coming out of protons.
This energy of impacts and pressing Gurutvacons decides the position of
electrons around the nucleus. Electrons are really the by-products of the process of
constructing the protons by Gurutvacons. Protons and Electrons have spins because of
wrapping, bundling, pressing Gurutvacons. They become magnets due to spins. The
north pole of proton is facing the north pole of electron. These repelling
poles also help keep the proton and the electron away from each other.
MASS:
There is
very interesting thing happening now. The swarming, rushing Gurutvacons on each
other give rise to another fundamental property of matter- we call it MASS.
Gurutvacons are almost mass less, but they have lots of energy. So mass
is the energy of swarming, rushing, accelerating Gurutvacons towards the centre
of the body. Mass of the body is due to its own gravity pressing inwards or due
to the swarming, accelerating Gurutvacons bundling up that body. Mass of a body is the
cumulative gravitational energy of the body.
Still there
is more. When Gurutvacons strands slide on each other when they CONTINUOUSLY
press inwards give birth to another quantity - we call it CHARGE. The charge on protons is the direct result of pressing, squeezing,
sliding, bundling strands of Gurutvacons when they loose some energy under
tremendous pressure. It resides on the spherical surface of a proton.
Again the sliding strands of Gurutvacons (coming out of protons) MAKING the electron give rise to a new quantity-we call it CHARGE. Here they get back their lost energy. Gurutvacons entering and coming out of atoms have the same amount of energy. This charge is of opposite nature to that of a proton. This charge resides on the spherical surface of an electron. When the electron is in an atom, this charge surrounds a nucleus and the electron appears as a cloud to us.
The way
Gurutvacons enter and come out of after making protons and electrons give answers
to questions like why like charges repel each other and unlike charges attract
each other. Electrons are really the by-products of the process of constructing
the protons by Gurutvacons.
SPIN:
As they
exert pressure and bind together to make particles they give rise to another
feature- the SPIN (Rotation) of the particles.
There is
more to gravity. The spiralling inward
strands exert tremendous pressure towards the centre. This give rise to another
feature- we call it ‘Spin’ of an
object. It is the gravity that creates the spin in every thing that is made
from Gurutvacons. Every things spin due to the spiralling, gathering inward
gravitational force exerted by Gurutvacons. The gravity of the Sun is attempting to bind the Earth, but the Earth resist. Since the
Earth’s interior is molten, this resistance helps maintain the spin. Similarly
the Earth and the Sun exert gravitational force on the Moon which interior may
be not as molten as that of Earth. The Moon resists these forces. The Moon
could not maintain its original spin velocity and that is why its spin is
locked with the Earth and it keeps the same face towards the Earth. This has
reduced the spin velocity of the Earth so much that the Earth can not maintain
its spin axis vertical to the plane of the solar system. The Earth is wobbling like a top. Its axis is
at an angle of 23 degrees. This gives seasons on the planet earth.
Gurutvacons
always act to bind, to gather, to squeeze everything in the universe. After
making protons and electrons, Gurutvacons attempt to bind them as they spiral
inwards with great pull. When they succeed (sometimes), we see another
particle- we call it a Neutron. There
is one more position where the electron can stay bound to the nucleus, right on
the surface of the proton (the lowest orbital?). When this happens, we get a
new particle-the neutron. So the neutron is neutral, the way the hydrogen atom
is. The protons and electrons inside the neutrons still maintain their original
structures the way they were made by spiralling Gurutvacons. Neutrons are very
compressed hydrogen atoms! It is easier for them to keep protons and electrons together in
neutrons. So neutrons are composite particles, not stable and are not
fundamental particles. A neutron is heavier than combined mass of a proton and
an electron, because more Gurutvacons are required to keep them closer even
though stronger electromagnetic force between them is helping. Neutrons help to
keep protons and themselves inside the nucleus together. They make the atoms
stable. The
neutron is one of the great of the great magicians in the universe. How neutrons help keep protons and
themselves inside the nucleus? We will answer this question in our next paper.
But in an
atom, we see electrons away from the nucleus containing protons and neutrons. How
come? There is a reason for this. Gurutvacons do not succeed all the time
bringing protons and electrons together. We have to go back to the process of
formations- how those particles are made by Gurutvacons. Protons are made by
Gurutvacons spiralling inwards from outside and coming out from axis. Electrons
are made by Gurutvacons entering into axis and spiralling outwards. Both ways
they always press inwards. As Gurutvacons leave protons from axis, they push
through axis of electrons. When this force of impact is balanced by inward
gathering force of Gurutvacons, the electrons are trapped between those strands
of Gurutvacons. When this happens, we have an Atom. The atom of the most abundant element in the
universe-Hydrogen- has one proton and one electron. Other elements are also
made this way.
ENERGY
LEVELS:
Many
interesting things are happening now around the atom as strands of Gurutvacons
spiralling inwards with great force to gather, bind electrons and protons. Each
spiralling strand (band) of Gurutvacons is exerting unique inward force
(energy). This give rise to what we call Energy Levels around the nucleus. The strand
(band) where the first electron is trapped is known as first energy level. It
can have only two electrons as Gurutvacons can only come out from two points on
axis of protons-north & south to keep electrons from merging with them.
Other electrons at any other points will be forced to bind to protons to make
neutrons.
These
spiralling inwards strands (bands) of Gurutvacons are much more than what we
have described so far. They are not just energy levels. We know that when
electrons change energy levels and loose energy, that energy is released as Photon (the light). The Photon is a particle made of Gurutvacons;
it is a packet (quanta) of energy. An electron is trapped in a grove between
two strands (bands) of Gurutvacons-upper band pushing it towards the nucleus
and the Gurutvacons coming out of a proton hitting it to move upwards. This
vibrates the electron and gives it a wave like feature(the electron’s natural
frequency). When the electron gets exited due to external energy, it goes up
one energy level. But Bands of Gurutvacons pushes it to the original energy
level. It releases energy as a photon.
So photons are produced in steps. They acquire wave like feature from
the electron. So what is light? Is it a particle or
wave? According to
present theory, it is both. But what is the truth? Light is a particle only,
not a wave. So why dose it behave like a wave? When a photon encounters energy
level made by Gurutvacons around the atom, it stops, merges with Gurutvacons in
the strand and reappear as a photon after crossing that strand. A photon doses
this at every energy level it encounters. This enhances photons’ wave like
features. So Light is made of only particles called
photons (the packets of energy). Electrons are also particles. The wave like
feature is given to them by spiralling strands (bands) of Gurutvacons.
Something more interesting thing is happening here. When photons(produced from
an electron at particular energy level with natural frequency) crosses these
spiralling strands of Gurutvacons the way we described above, photons carry
signatory information of crossing these strands. This signatory information helps
us to identify different elements in the universe- by Light Spectrum of Elements.
Photons
travel very fast at 300,000 KM/S. Do they get tired after travelling vast
distances in the universe? They are energetic particles. They maintain their
speed in space constant. Why? Gurutvacons (as point particles) are always
travelling through space at tremendous speed. Photons are made of Gurutvacons.
Gurutvacons keep on rejuvenating photons all the time. So photons keep their
energy constant and there by their speed. But something must change over vast
distances as photons are particles. In the space photons do not have to cross
energy levels the way they did within the atoms. Even though their energy
remains the same, their wavelength is becoming longer after travelling vast
distances (Photons are travelling through the flux of Gurutvacons in the
space.) and so their frequency is also changing. This is the main reason (not
the only reason) for the red shift of light coming from the very far away
galaxies. Every galaxy has dust lanes and halo of hot gas particles around the
central bulge. Photons have more chances of passing through dust lanes and halo
of its home galaxy as this galaxy’s distance increases. What effect dose it
have on red shift? Do we see the light of individual star of that far away
galaxy or the light (of all the stars) of that galaxy as a point? We will
discuss in next paper.
Photons
speed decrease when they pass through a glass. After they come out of a glass,
they travel again in the space at their original speed. Why? Again Gurutvacons
helps them to spring back to their original speed.
THE GRAVITY AND ATOMS:
Indeed the
gravity is due to Gurutvacons. Each spiralling strand exerts equal force per
atom. This
is the reason why all bodies of different mass fall at the same acceleration on earth. The gravity is spiralling inwards,
binding force and it is always acting. It is gravity that keeps the electrons,
protons and neutrons, and atoms together. We have known these forces as Strong and Weak forces. We also called them nuclear forces.
But in fact, it is the force of gravity that binds everything in the universe.
It is really the strongest force in the universe. It should be. After all the
birth and death of the universe is caused by only one force- that is Almighty
Gravity.
Gurutvacons
have given us the force of gravity, the electric charges and all the elements
in the universe. The range of gravity is infinite. It is the strongest at
shortest distance in the nucleus. As we move away from the nucleus, this force
decreases as the distance between spiralling arms of Gurutvacons increases. It is the Gurutvacons
(gravity) that keeps the nucleus together, atoms together and molecules
together. Gravity is the strongest at nucleus; it is still stronger outside of
atoms. It is strong enough to keep them
together. It is strong enough to keep
molecules together. It becomes weaker and weaker as we move away from nucleus,
atom and molecule. There is only one force that keeps every thing bound
together and that is the force of gravity. It is weaker at the surface than at
the centre of a body. There is no Strong or Weak forces. These can be explained
by spiralling inward strands of wrapping, bundling Gurutvacons.
The
gravitational field is always present around the mass of a body and the force
it exerts on another body is completely independent of the mass of the second
body. The second body can only resist the gravitational force of the first
body. The second body can exert its own gravitational force on the first body.
But its strength is only due to its own total mass. The gravity begins from the
centre of a nucleus and travel outwards becoming weaker and weaker.
Now we have
a question. What is about Newton’s Law of Gravity between two bodies with mass? Is that the only real picture of gravity?
Newton’s law of gravity deals with part of the gravity only-not the true, whole
nature of gravity. Newton dealt with the part of the gravity we will call it ‘Residual Gravity’. He only dealt with the force of
gravity acting outside of atoms and molecules-which is very weak. He called it
a force of attraction. Gravity is not a force of attraction; it’s an ever
acting, binding, squeezing, bundling force. His was not the complete picture of
gravity. The force of gravity is defined and carried by Gurutvacons only. Even
mass is made by them. We will attempt to define the force of gravity
qualitatively and quantitatively in our next paper.
Is gravity
a spatial distortion as defined by Albert Einstein? No, it is not. Again ‘mass’ is produced by
Gurutvacons which exert ever binding force called gravity that keeps every
thing together in the universe. Space is not distorted by Gurutvacons as it is
made of Gurutvacons (they just passing through it, so no ‘mass’) which in turn
give rise to ‘mass’ when they swarm on each other. ‘Mass’ is energy. The Space is not curved
by the mass.
HAVENLY BODIES AND MOTION:
Is speed of
light absolute? Light is made of particles called photons. Photons in turn are made
of Gurutvacons. Photons have nearly zero mass (dead weight). The speed of
Gurutvacons is faster than that of light. We will attempt to show this in next
paper. Can photons travel in a straight line with uniform velocity? Before we
answer this question, let us go to Newton’s first law of motion. According to this law, if
we apply a force on a body, it starts moving in the direction of the force on a
straight line with uniform velocity. This
is not correct. The
body has mass. The centre of gravity is the point at which forces acting on a
body are balanced. For a stationary body (body at rest), this point will
coincide with the centre of mass. When a force is applied, the energy is
converted into mass on the body and is not uniformly distributed. The centre of gravity is shifted away from
the centre of mass in a direction perpendicular to the direction of force. How
far away it shifts is dependant upon the mass of the body, its initial velocity
and the force applied. The centre of gravity moves away from the centre of mass
to the point around where the apparent mass equivalent to the force applied on
the body and the mass of the body rotates until the centre of combined mass of
the body coincides with the centre of gravity. As the body starts moving, it is
not on a straight line. It follows the curved path as long as the centre of
combined mass dose not coincides with the centre of gravity. As it follows the
curved path (revolving around the centre of gravity) it is going closer and
closer to the centre of gravity, and its speed increases as it accelerates
faster and faster. When those two points are on each other, the remaining
energy in the body at those points is converted into spinning. All objects with
mass follow this rule. This is what is happening in the universe. Once
accelerated, bodies with mass keep on moving at ever increasing speed from each
other on a curved path. The Space is not curved; it is the Motion that is curved.
So then
what can follow the straight line with uniform velocity? Only the bodies with nearly zero or zero mass
can travel on the straight line with uniform velocity. When a force is applied on a body with nearly
zero mass, its centre of gravity moves very far away (at almost infinity) and
the body starts moving on a straight line with uniform velocity-for example,
photons (light). Photons are made of Gurutvacons, must have some mass. Over
vast distances its speed must change to some extant. The speed of light is
different in different mediums and it changes in a medium too. Space is a
medium made of Gurutvacons. The speed of Gurutvacons is constant in all the
mediums and always follows true straight line. No matter how far we see or how
far back in time we see, the gravity is at work. It is every where in the
universe.
Heat is
released when outer strands of Gurutvacons are broken by friction. This is what
happens when two bodies are rubbed against each other. When two atoms are fused
together to make a new element, sometimes the new element require less number
of Gurutvacons than total of two bodies. In this process (Nuclear Fusion) the released Gurutvacons appear as
energy. When one atom is split to make two new elements, sometimes less number
of Gurutvacons are required than the total of original element. In this process
(Nuclear
Fission) those
Gurutvacons are released as energy. How dose the interior of
planet Earth remain hot?
Some of the heat is left over from the formation process and some is due to
broken strands of Gurutvacons due to tremendous inward pressure from the outer
strands of Gurutvacons. This process is still going on. After all it is due to
the force of gravity. More we peel off (separating) the Gurutvacons from atoms
(protons, neutrons, electrons) more energy is released.
FORMATION OF STARS:
How
dose the star is born due to the force of gravity? Gravity is caused by Gurutvacons. Gravity is a
gathering, binding, squeezing inward force exerted by spiralling inward
Gurutvacons. They start gathering atoms of hydrogen together. The cloud of
hydrogen gas is getting bigger and bigger. The strands of Gurutvacons are
pressing harder and harder as the cloud getting bigger and bigger. The pressure
increases so much in the core that strands of Gurutvacons start breaking first
and releasing energy as heat. Heat builds up. Heat and pressure keep on
increasing so much that eventually all strands of Gurutvacons binding atoms are
broken, all strands binding electrons, protons and neutrons are
broken(Gurutvacons are released). Tremendous amount of energy is released. In
the core even electrons, protons and neutrons are squeezed so much by
gravitational pressure from outer layers that strands of Gurutvacons making up
those particles are separating into individual Gurutvacons. That produces
energy to the extreme. And the star is borne. There are no photons in the
centre of the star, no fundamental particles, only Gurutvacons. We will call this region ‘Black Sphere’ to
avoid confusion with concept of ‘Black Hole’. This produces tremendous outward
pressure in the core. The star is stable
when this outward pressure is balanced by inward pull by resonated strands of
Gurutvacons in outer layers. The very central region where strands of Gurutvacons
are separated is dark and very similar to the state of Gurutvacons after the
Big Bang. These separated Gurutvacons move outward with tremendous pressure and
velocity. Away from the very centre, they combine with other atoms to form
different kind of atoms under tremendous pressure and heat. Many heavier
elements are created here. There becomes a layer of these elements between top of
core layer and outermost layer. This is common in most of the stars. The friction, fusion and complete
breakdown of fundamental particles into individual Gurutvacons produce heat. .
When all the hydrogen in the core is burnt, the core becomes almost empty. No
heat, no outward pressure, the outer layer collapses towards the centre and the
process of heat generation repeats depending on the gravitational force due to
remaining mass. The life cycle of stars will be described in the next paper.
ORBITS AND ORBITAL PLANES:
The
resonated spiralling strands of Gurutvacons exerting gravitational force extend
a great distance from the massive body in the space. When a body of smaller
mass comes under pressure of gravity from a body of greater mass, the gravity
starts binding, shepherding the smaller body towards the bigger body. The
smaller body continues falling closer and closer towards the bigger body. If
the total energy of a smaller body is more than the binding force of gravity of
bigger body, the smaller body will escape and will not be bound by its gravity.
If not, the smaller body will be captured by the bigger body. Now we know that
gravity is binding, shepherding, squeezing gathering force. So the force of
gravity will continue to bring the smaller body closer and closer towards the
bigger body until it crashes into it eventually. Once it is captured, the
captured body has no other option than to completely bind with the bigger body.
This is a very important feature of the gravity. It appears very strange, but
it’s true for a stationary bigger body. No matter how much kinetic energy the
captured body has, it must crash into it. The closest example of this feature of
gravity is when we see smaller objects falling on the Earth with uniform
acceleration.
For these
falling objects, the Earth is stationary. Once a smaller body comes under the
grip of Earth’s gravity, it must fall onto the Earth. Then why do we have orbits? Look at the Solar System. The
planets are revolving around the Sun. Why? Why are they not crashing into the
Sun? There is a reason for that. The motion of the Sun in the plane of the Milky Way galaxy is the main reason that keeps the
planets in orbit around the Sun. The
planet’s kinetic energy also helps. The resonated spiralling strands of gravity
of the Sun is always working to bind, to shepherd, to gather all planets to the
Sun with tremendous inward pull pressure. The planets obey this force and continue
falling towards the Sun. But fortunately for us, they always miss the
target-the Sun (which is travelling at high speed) and we have stable orbit when the
kinetic energy of the planet, the force due to Sun’s motion in the galaxy and
the gravity of the Sun are balanced. If the Sun was not in motion and always at one point (stationary), we
wouldn’t have solar system. This binding force of gravity could have consumed
all the planets long ago- just like a spiralling coin falling into an amusement
‘Black Hole’ machine.
Example
One:
A smaller
body travelling in the vicinity of a bigger, massive body which is stationary
(not moving at all):
The smaller
body may be forced to follow either of two options: (1) If its kinetic energy
(& mass) is very high, it will escape. (2) If its kinetic energy (&
mass) is less, it will be captured and will crash into the bigger body. There
is no other option.
Example
Two:
A smaller
body travelling in the vicinity of a bigger, massive body which is constantly
moving (changing its position):
The smaller
body may follow one of three options: (1) may escape, (2) may get into an orbit
or (3) may crash into.
Is the
force required to keep the planets in orbit around the Sun? The Sun travels at
high speed in the disk of the galaxy. The Sun must drag all the planets with
it. We can compare this to an event: A man running on a bumpy (up & down,
zigzag across) curved path with his one hand at the height of his head and
twirling a stone in a plane of the direction of his motion. Is the work done by
the Sun? Is the energy spent? Where dose it coming from? We will discuss this
in next paper-“How Gurutvacons are doing this? ”.
SOLAR SYSTEM:
We continue to investigate the force of gravity in the solar system. The solar system is almost flat-all
the planets are revolving around the Sun in one flat, orbital plane. Why? The binding, gathering, shepherding force of
gravity is acting in all directions from the radiating body towards its centre.
This force is not just in one flat plane. Well we have to think about the
motion of the Sun again. The Sun is always moving in the galactic plane. Even
though the binding, gathering force of gravity radiates in all direction from
the Sun, the planets are dragged and pulled by the string of gravitational
force of the Sun and the force due to the Sun’s motion continuously. Slowly and surely the planets follow the Sun in its
plane of motion and we have now flat solar system. We can
compare this to a stone attached at end of the string and pulling (twirling) it
faster around to keep it revolving! The orbits of planets around the sun are
not just because of the balance between kinetic energy of the planet and
gravity. We also need the force due to the Sun’s motion in the galaxy. The perihelion and aphelion are points on the
orbit. When a planet falls towards the perihelion, it is falling in the
direction of the motion of the Sun. The planet starts moving faster under the
influence of the Sun’s gravity and the Sun’s motion (due to gravity of the
galaxy). It is this force that changes the velocity of the planet when it moves
towards perihelion. According to Newton’s laws of motion, an external force is required to
change the velocity.
This force did not come from the kinetic energy of the planet or from the
gravity of the Sun. The planet is closer to the Sun at perihelion because the
planet moves in the direction of the motion of the Sun. When the planet moves
towards the aphelion from perihelion, it is travelling in the opposite
direction of the motion of the Sun. This force (due to gravity of galaxy) acts
on the planet to slow it down (again it’s not coming from the kinetic energy of
the planet.). As it moves in the opposite direction, the planet is farther at
aphelion. The Sun is moving in the plane of galaxy in the direction of the
arrow from aphelion to perihelion approximately. This is what causes the
elliptical orbit of the planet.
The Sun is
embedded in the spiral arm of the galaxy. As the spiral arm spins around the
centre of galaxy, the Sun revolves around the centre of the Galaxy. It mostly
travels up and down and towards the centre of the galaxy in the disk of the
galaxy. These
motions of the Sun cause the elliptical orbit and precessions of planets in the
solar system.
FORMATION OF SOLAR SYSTEM:
For the
above described reasons, the solar system is almost flat. It’s not flat because it’s made from the flat
revolving disk of gas and dirt. This was not the case. The Sun is a star and was
borne in a process we discussed earlier about a star birth. The Sun had a
companion smaller star. Each was revolving around each other. The Sun was
falling towards the centre of the Milky Way galaxy under the influence of its
gravity. That time a very big, newly captured (by the galaxy) star passed
through nearby. The companion star was passing in between the Sun and the big
star. The massive force of gravity of passing big star pulled on one side and
the Sun pulled on the other side. At a proper distance, big chunks of companion
star pulled apart from it. These chunks continue revolving around the Sun as
before. Most of the chunks were pulled this way. Some were pulled at such a
distance and position in the orbit that they start revolving in opposite direction.
Some of it was absorbed by the Sun and some by the bigger star. This is how planets came
into existence. There
were some smaller parts that became asteroids. When the planets were borne,
they were very, very hot as they came from the active star. Gravity made them
round in that very hot phase. Then they started cooling down slowly. Some of
the asteroids at the fringe of the solar system came from that companion star.
Some were captured by the Sun’s gravity from the disk of the galaxy. When a new
body is captured by the Sun’s gravity from the disk of the galaxy, it may start
falling towards the Sun at high speed. Most of the comets in the solar
system are bodies captured by the Sun from the disk of the galaxy. When the Earth was borne, there was
no water on the Earth. These comets brought the water on the Earth and possibly
the life itself. The tail of comets always points in the direction away from
the Sun because of radiation pressure, the centrifugal force, weaker gravity of
the comet and very strong gravity of the Sun.
FORMATION OF GALAXY:
There is
another feature of gravity we have to look at to understand the force of
gravity. How
dose a galaxy form?
Gurutvacons made protons, electrons and neutrons. These fundamental particles
joined together under gravity to form elements. The most abundant element came
into existence is hydrogen. There were lots of hydrogen atoms. Gravity was
still at work acting continuously and gathering, shepherding, binding the atoms
of hydrogen into a cloud. The cloud of hydrogen grew bigger and bigger as
gravity was binding more and more atoms. The cloud got so big that eventually a
star is borne under the tremendous pressure of gravity. There came into
existence billions of stars in the universe. The gravity of a big star started
binding a small star. Both stars started revolving around the centre point of
gravity and a binary system is borne. There is no central big mass at that
centre point of gravity. But both stars revolve around that point. This binary system is the
seedling of the galaxy. More and more stars keep on
travelling towards the binary stars under the influence of gravity. This is how the galaxies
were formed. Then why the galaxies are flat? The reasons are the same as those
of a flat solar system we discussed earlier. The centre of gravity of combined
mass of all the stars in the galaxy is moving under the influence of gravity of
local group of galaxies.
Spiral Galaxy-CURTESY STSCI Saturn with flat disk: Gravity at work CURTESY STSCI
There
are differences between the solar system and the galaxy. Both are formed differently. The
speed and orbit of planets around the Sun are different from the speed and orbit
of stars around the centre of gravity of a galaxy. Stars (not in the central bulge) in a galaxy
fall freely towards the centre of gravity under the force of gravity of
combined mass of all the stars. There is no central mass at this point the way
we see in a solar system. There is no central mass at the centre of gravity in
a binary system either. The centre of gravity works as if it has all the
combined mass of all the stars in a galaxy. As all stars fall freely, they all
fall at the same speed towards the centre. So except stars near and in the
central bulge, all stars move as if they are embedded in the disk of a galaxy.
This is why the disk of a galaxy appears to be revolving around the centre of
gravity as a solid body. The stars far away and near the centre (mostly in the
spiral arm, not in the central bulge) are all moving at such a speed that they
remain in the same spiral arm. Why do we see spiral arms in a galaxy then? As stars freely fall and the centre
of gravity moves, stars misses the target- the very centre of the galaxy which
has moved. Because of this we see a curve near the central region in the spiral
arm. As stars fall, the local gravity also works. Bigger stars gather smaller
stars nearer. As this process continues, the spiral arms develop. So there are
two reasons that make the spiral arms- free falls of stars towards the centre
of gravity of the galaxy and the local gravity that slowly builds up. This is
how the spiral arms of a galaxy form. When all the stars slowly fell in the central
region, we have the cluster of stars. The cluster of stars is also formed when
a bigger galaxy eats the smaller galaxy. In the central bulge of the galaxy,
stars revolve at very high speed as they are very near to the centre of gravity
where total mass of all the stars in the disk of the galaxy act. Some galaxies
have bar at the centre. When stars are not distributed uniformly in the disk of
a galaxy, the centre of gravity of combined mass of all the stars is not at one
point all the time. It traces a path of no gravity region. Some particles and
stars are trapped in that region and they appear as a bar. First stars formed
from the clouds of gas in the early universe, then binary system and from that
onwards galaxies formed. Afterwards stars can be formed in the disk of
galaxies. This is all happened due the force of gravity. What could be at the centre of a galaxy? What happens if stars fall in at the centre?
Is there a black hole at the centre of a galaxy? Scientists have confirmed the
existence of black holes. But we will discuss them in the next paper.
Gravity
& Solar Eclipse:
In India,
the people in village used to keep water in flat dish to watch eclipse and keep
standing two cylindrical mortars close to near each other in that dish. It has
been observed for centuries: “Those two mortars struck each other during total
eclipse period and stayed standing.” During total solar eclipse, the
gravitational forces of the Moon and the Earth are balanced on those mortars.
The spiralling bands (counter clock wise) of the Gurutvacons of the Earth try
to bind them to it and at the same time, those of the Moon try to bind them to
it. But both are balanced during that brief period of total solar eclipse. This
effect is almost very similar to Allais Effect known to scientists.
TIME:
What is
time? Dose time exist? Is it real? Dose it change according to the force of
gravity? Is there a space-time fabric in the universe? Is it relative to the
reference frame? Can it be reversed? There are many questions about time. Is it
eternal? Dose it have beginning and
ending? Dose it depend on the speed of a reference frame? Time is the measure
of a change in the state of an object, location of an object or event in its
reference frame. The changes in one
reference frame are happening totally independent of changes in another
reference frame. Even changes in different bodies or events in the same
reference frame occur totally independent of each other.
We do not
ask questions like these: Is weight (pounds or kilograms) real? Is temperature
(Celsius or Fahrenheit) real? The weight and temperature are real as they
measure real or physical objects. The time is also real, because it measures
the changes in real objects, its location or events. The changes exist and so
dose the time. We measure one change with ‘time’ yard stick of another change.
The change occurs due to the change in energy ultimately. The energy comes from
the Gurutvacons which moves in one direction (counter clockwise) on a
logarithmic spiral in an atom. So time flows in forward direction only. Time
can not travel backwards because changes can not be reversed. There is past,
present and future recorded; i.e. dinosaurs’ fossils are recorded in the past;
the development of a living thing is recorded in the future (from birth to
death). But we still have ‘free will’ to live. It is true that every thing is
not destined.
Ticking of
a clock (no matter what kind of a clock) is not called “Time”. At equator, the Earth is spinning at 0.44
KM/S, the Earth is revolving around the Sun at 30.00 KM/S, and the Sun is
travelling in the disk of the Milky Way galaxy at 230 KM/S. Is the speed of an aeroplane (with a clock
inside) travelling around the planet Earth is comparable to these speeds? Will
there be a time dilation? We will answer all questions about time in the next
paper.
Is Time a
fourth dimension? The answer is “No”. Time can not be reversed. Time is only a
measure of change. The Change is constantly occurring at any point on x, y and
z coordinate system of three dimensions. Any point any where on any axis is
always moving (changes) forward away from the beginning. This point will never
ever go back to the original starting location. The time (change) flows in all
direction on from the origin (0t, 0t, 0t) i.e. (x at t), (y at t) and (z at t).
Any point or event in the universe can be represented on this coordinate
system. A child’s development can be drawn on this coordinate system from birth
to death. Changes are occurring in dimension on x, y and z axis, but those
points are always moving forward and so the three dimensional image of the
child is also moving forward. Any of those points can not go back to previous
location. To simplify the example, we are only considering the speed of the Earth
on its axis. The Earth moves around the Sun, the Sun moves around the Milky Way
galaxy and the Milky Way moves in the universe. There is no fixed point in the
universe. We can only describe a point on the Earth as x, y, z at time-xyz.
This point always moves forward. It will never go back in time or space. There
is no back time travel and in true sense, there is also no back space travel.
When we say- “we travelled back in space.”, it is nothing but a misnomer.
Nothing in the universe can go back in time or space. Every point in the
universe is constantly changing in forward direction all the time. It will
never be the same. Nothing in the universe is in steady (without change) state. The change
& so the time is universal. Every thing including Gurutvacons, electrons,
protons, neutrons & photons goes through transformation constantly in the
universe.
DARK MATTER:
What is
Dark Matter? Dose it exist in the universe? We may have to look at the
Gurutvacons again for explanation. They are restless
and
energetic particles which are always moving fast. They carry lots of energy
(kinetic & binding). When trillions and trillions of them from bigger body
strike the smaller body (which may have less), their cumulative energy can push
them apart (we may call it ‘radiation pressure’). The space is not expanding.
It is the Gurutvacons that keep all kinds of motion going in the universe. They
expanded the universe after the Big Bang, and they are still expanding it today
by pushing the matter apart. Bubbles in the universe are getting bigger due to
energy of the Gurutvacons. Comets tail is an example of the Gurutvacons pushing
the matter away from the Sun. What a dual purpose job!
FILAMENTS
IN THE STAR CLUSTER & UNIVERSE:
The stars
in the Star Cluster appear to be gravitationally chained together around a
void. They move in tandem around the centre of a void.
The Star
Cluster (with all the Stars inside as solid body) spins around its axis and
also rotates around a galaxy if it is gravitationally bound to that galaxy.
This looks like strands of filaments in the Universe. This structure is helping
to reduce too much gravitational pressure at the centre of the Star Cluster. It
also helps to stabilise the whole structure of the system (like a heap of
bubbles supporting each other).
These
filaments are also observed in the universe with galaxies gravitationally
chained together. These filaments pass through centre of galaxies with their
planes perpendicular to it. Galaxies mostly move around the centre of void,
along with some forward (away from the beginning) movements. These structures
(just like the Star Cluster) appear to be supporting the entire Universe.
Gravity is every where.
It appears
that the whole Universe is gravitationally and efficiently bound together as a
single system. Is it possible for information to flow instantly from one corner
to the other in the Universe? We will attempt to answer this in next paper.
SOUL:
What
is Soul? Every living
thing has the Soul. Without Soul, life can not exist. The Soul is a cosmic energy. Every thing in the universe is made
of Gurutvacons. Gurutvacons are every
where in the universe. They are the fastest energetic particles. They go
through every thing. They give birth to the universe and they destroy it.
Because of them the universe is working. They can do anything. Are Gurutvacons (gravity) the God
particles? Can they lead us to the God?
Is Soul really made of Gurutvacons? We
will attempt to answer these questions in next paper.
It is the
gravity that gives shape to every thing in the universe. Then what could be the
shape of the universe? Will it be
spherical? Will it be flat circular? Will it be doughnut shape with a hole in the
middle? Is it like half of an hour glass shape (the other half is on ‘Big
Crunch’ side)? Will it be the mother of all spiral galaxies with a big central bulge? We will discuss this in next paper.
So far we
have discussed many features of the force of gravity. Gravity is every where in
the universe. The stars, galaxies and the filamentary structure in the universe
clearly show us that the gravity is indeed at work. What coordinates can we use
(three dimensional)? Is it like-(x,t),(y,t) and (z,t)? Is the origin at the
point (x=0,t=0),(y=0,t=0) and (z=0,t=0)?) Can we say the change on any axis is
inversely proportional to time? The time component of any point or event in
this coordinate system is always equal in value on any axis. Only the change
component on any axis could be different. This will help us in our next paper
to define gravity quantitatively with mathematical formulas. Can we bring the
journey of the apple to its final destination? On one beautiful day mankind may
be able to!
Cosmic
Guru: This is a
discussion paper at this stage. If you want to copy it for your use, please get
prior approval by sending an email to me. If you want to comment on it, you want to add to it, you want to
disprove it, please email to me. I will attempt to answer all the questions. My goal is to serve
humanity.
Interesting
Links:
NASA HOME www.nasa.gov/
Wikipedia, the free Encyclopaedia http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Hubble Site http://www.hubblesite.org/
Curious
About Astronomy? Ask an Astronomer. http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/index.php
Ask an Astrophysicist imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/ask_an_astronomer.html